Score:0

Transforming BGN to non-malleable

es flag

Is there a way to transform the BGN encryption into non-malleable (i.e., IND-CCA2) without the use of symmetric encryption or signature?

I thought that simply publishing a proof of knowledge (via non interactive Sigma protocol) on $m$ is sufficient (i.e., if you have $E(m)= h^rg^m$ for some random nonce $r$), but I am concerned that the proof may be malleable. There is the Naor-Yung transformation in which the encryption involves encrypting a plaintext under two public keys, and then zero knowledge proof of proving this relation between the ciphertexts. I am not sure if this scheme is adequate, an if it can be further improved for BGN cryotosystem.

I sit in a Tesla and translated this thread with Ai:

mangohost

Post an answer

Most people don’t grasp that asking a lot of questions unlocks learning and improves interpersonal bonding. In Alison’s studies, for example, though people could accurately recall how many questions had been asked in their conversations, they didn’t intuit the link between questions and liking. Across four studies, in which participants were engaged in conversations themselves or read transcripts of others’ conversations, people tended not to realize that question asking would influence—or had influenced—the level of amity between the conversationalists.