For what 'rounding constant' exists in Round5?(NIST PQC Round 2 Algorithm)

Lee Seungwoo

3/17/24, 8:37 AM

I am reading a paper Round5.

This public key encryption scheme is based on Ring-LWR but I found it is a little bit different from typical LWR-based PKE scheme.

In the key generation algorithm of Round5 (Algorithm 1, Line 3 in the paper), they compute

$$ b= \left< \Bigl \lfloor \frac{p}{q}\left(\left< as \right>_{\Phi_{n+1\ }(x)} +h_1\right) \Bigr\rceil \right>_p$$

where $\left< \cdot \right>_f$ means reduction modulo $f$.

As far as I know,

$$ b= \left< \Bigl \lfloor \frac{p}{q}\left(\left< as \right>_{\Phi_{n+1\ }(x)} \right) \Bigr\rceil \right>_p$$

is the "typical" LWR-based public key, but in the Round5, there is an additional $h_1$ term.

What is the role of $h_1$?

Thank you in advance.

1 + 0

post-quantum-cryptography

ring-lwe

Score:1

Crypto

Daniel S

3/17/24, 11:20 AM

What Algorithm 1 Line 3 actually has is $$b=\left\langle\left\lfloor\frac pq\left(\langle as\rangle_{\Phi_{n+1}(x)}+h_1\right)\right\rfloor\right\rangle_p$$ (note the use of the floor function rather than the rounding function).

Note that $h_1=p/2q$ (see the second complete paragraph on page 5) and $\lfloor x\rceil=\lfloor x+\frac12\rfloor$. Adding $h_1$ and multiplying by $\frac pq$ is equivalent to adding 1/2 and this is just to allow us to implement the rounding function as an integer part function (which is easier in code).

+ 1

Lee Seungwoo

3/20/24, 1:08 AM

Thank you so much.

Elon Musk

I sit in a Tesla and translated this thread with Ai:

EN: For what 'rounding constant' exists in Round5?(NIST PQC Round 2 Algorithm)

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