Samba not authenticating after upgrade

I just upgraded my Proxmox host, which also doubles as a storage server from buster to bullseye, which must have upgraded Samba as well. After this, I am unable to mount any Samba shares.

The host machine is joined into an AD domain while the DC is in a VM on the Proxmox host.

This is my smb.conf:

[global]         
    netbios name = server         
    realm = WOHNUNG.BI         
    security = ADS
    workgroup = WOHNUNG

    wins server = fail.wohnung.bi
    password server = fail.wohnung.bi

    winbind enum users = Yes
    winbind enum groups = Yes
    winbind use default domain = Yes
    winbind refresh tickets = Yes
    winbind nested groups = No
    #winbind separator = +

    min domain uid = 0
    idmap config WOHNUNG:backend = ad

    idmap config WOHNUNG:schema_mode = rfc2307
    idmap config WOHNUNG:range = 10000-20000

    log file = /var/log/samba/samba.log
    log level = 5 
    printcap name = /etc/printcap
        load printers = no
    username map = /etc/samba/user.map
    vfs objects = recycle acl_xattr catia fruit streams_xattr
    map acl inherit = yes
    store dos attributes = yes   
    oplocks = no
    # map untrusted to domain = yes
    # Enable the recycle bin
    recycle:repository = /tank/storage/.recycle/%U
    recycle:touch = Yes
    recycle:keeptree = Yes
    recycle:versions = Yes
    recycle:noversions = *.tmp,*.temp,*.o,*.obj,*.TMP,*.TEMP
    recycle:exclude = *.tmp,*.temp,*.o,*.obj,*.TMP,*.TEMP
    recycle:excludedir = /recycle,/tmp,/temp,/TMP,/TEMP

    # Apple
    fruit:aapl = yes
    fruit:encoding = native
    fruit:locking = none
    fruit:metadata = stream
    fruit:resource = file

[tobias]         
    path = /tank/storage
    read only = no       
    valid users = @"WOHNUNG\storage-Zugriff"

[timemachine]
    path = /tank/timemachine
    read only = no
    valid users = @"WOHNUNG\storage-Zugriff"
    oplocks = no
    fruit:aapl = yes
    fruit:time machine = yes
    inherit acls = Yes
    browseable = Yes
    vfs objects = catia fruit streams_xattr

I get the following debug log: https://pastebin.com/9kwkebbK

My AD DC is a Windows Server 2016 version 1607.

Any ideas what I could try or what this problem is?