20.04 on XPS13: Chrome hangs, Firefox OK; Evolution loses authentication, Thunderbird OK

I have just installed Ubuntu 20.04 on an old XPS 13 9343. The installation was a little painful: using Rufus to put the ISO on a USB stick (as suggested in the Ubuntu tutorials) led to no Wi-Fi. I fixed that by swapping to Universal USB Installer.

I now have Wi-Fi. The thing that is confusing me is that some apps work, while other very similar apps do not. For example, Chrome works when I install it, but after restarting the machine it fails. It is still clearly able to connect to the network because it auto-completes searches as I type, but it fails to load any web pages, it just sits there. The spinning loading icon is stuck too. But Firefox works without issue.

I have the same dichotomy with email. Thunderbird works fine, but GNOME's Evolution only works when I install it. After restarting the machine it loses authentication with each of my email accounts. Again it clearly still has network access since reconnecting an account kicks off the two factor authentication on my phone, but then it hangs at "Requesting access token, please wait..."

How come one browser works, and one does not, and one email client works, and one does not? I would expect networking issues to affect everything in a similar way. How might I diagnose and fix this?

===== EDIT =====

Following T Br's suggestion in a comment on an answer below here is the tail -f /var/log/syslog output. Not that these lines were written while Chrome was still responsive, no additional errors were written as it hung.

Oct 12 09:57:40 tim-XPS-13-9343 systemd[844]: Started Application launched by gnome-shell.  
Oct 12 09:57:40 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6177:6177:1012/095740.540338:ERROR:gpu_init.cc(453)] Passthrough is not supported, GL is swiftshader, ANGLE is  
Oct 12 09:57:40 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6128:1012/095740.854446:ERROR:account_info_fetcher.cc(62)] OnGetTokenFailure: Invalid credentials (credentials missing).  
Oct 12 09:57:40 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6156:1012/095740.900461:ERROR:nss_util.cc(286)] After loading Root Certs, loaded==false: NSS error code: -8018  
Oct 12 09:57:43 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6202:1012/095743.828584:ERROR:chrome_browser_main_extra_parts_metrics.cc(228)] crbug.com/1216328: Checking Bluetooth availability started. Please report if there is no report that this ends.  
Oct 12 09:57:43 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6202:1012/095743.828912:ERROR:chrome_browser_main_extra_parts_metrics.cc(231)] crbug.com/1216328: Checking Bluetooth availability ended.  
Oct 12 09:57:43 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6202:1012/095743.828965:ERROR:chrome_browser_main_extra_parts_metrics.cc(234)] crbug.com/1216328: Checking default browser status started. Please report if there is no report that this ends.  
Oct 12 09:57:43 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6202:1012/095743.899848:ERROR:chrome_browser_main_extra_parts_metrics.cc(238)] crbug.com/1216328: Checking default browser status ended.  
Oct 12 09:57:44 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6155:1012/095744.885475:ERROR:gcm_store_impl.cc(322)] Failed to open database /home/tim/.config/google-chrome/Profile 5/GCM Store: IO error: /home/tim/.config/google-chrome/Profile 5/GCM Store/LOCK: File currently in use. (ChromeMethodBFE: 15::LockFile::2)  
Oct 12 09:57:46 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6155:1012/095746.902726:ERROR:gcm_store_impl.cc(432)] Destroy failed: IO error: /home/tim/.config/google-chrome/Profile 5/GCM Store/LOCK: File currently in use. (ChromeMethodBFE: 15::LockFile::2)  
Oct 12 09:57:46 tim-XPS-13-9343 gnome-shell[6136]: [6128:6159:1012/095746.903244:ERROR:gcm_client_impl.cc(824)] Failed to reset GCM store  

I'm also a newcoming contributor, but I don't think that failing apps were installed from the Ubuntu Software app. If you install these apps via the Terminal or a .deb file, that would nicely fix it.

For Evolution, try to manually set up mail settings (following tips from this Google search). The Evolution app doesn't support autoconfig (I ran onto same issue as you if I let them configure for me). It's hard for you to do it, but this will give you a bounty of the app become working.

Mentioning the hanging Chrome install, it seemingly occurs because the Snap Store-based Chrome has been broken. I wouldn't like to see that Chrome ran onto the issue, but I would recommend you to uninstall/purge your Chrome install, and then download it from the Web. After downloading it from the Web, open the terminal on the location of your downloaded file, and run:

sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

Or, other way, open it by double-clicking on it.

Installing Chrome manually from a .deb file is much better than installing it from Ubuntu Software (which it's heavily based on Snap Store).