Online you can find versions using https://packages.ubuntu.com/search?suite=all&searchon=names&keywords=grub2 for grub2
which show the versions for each release.
Using a command line enquiry I get even more results
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-9 | trusty | source
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-9 | trusty/universe | amd64, i386, powerpc, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-9ubuntu1.6 | trusty-security | source
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-9ubuntu1.6 | trusty-security/universe | amd64, i386, powerpc, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-9ubuntu1.17 | trusty-updates | source
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-9ubuntu1.17 | trusty-updates/universe | amd64, i386, powerpc, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3 | xenial | source
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3 | xenial/universe | amd64, i386, powerpc, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.27 | xenial-security | source
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.27 | xenial-security/universe | amd64, i386, powerpc, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.32 | xenial-updates | source
grub2 | 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.32 | xenial-updates/universe | amd64, i386, powerpc, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8 | bionic | source
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8 | bionic/universe | amd64, i386, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8.25 | bionic-security | source
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8.25 | bionic-security/universe | amd64, i386, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8.25 | bionic-updates | source
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8.25 | bionic-updates/universe | amd64, i386, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.04-1ubuntu26 | focal | source
grub2 | 2.04-1ubuntu26 | focal/universe | amd64, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.04-1ubuntu26.12 | focal-security | source
grub2 | 2.04-1ubuntu26.12 | focal-security/universe | amd64, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.04-1ubuntu26.15 | focal-updates | source
grub2 | 2.04-1ubuntu26.15 | focal-updates/universe | amd64, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.06-2ubuntu7 | jammy | source
grub2 | 2.06-2ubuntu7 | jammy/universe | amd64, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.06-2ubuntu12 | kinetic | source
grub2 | 2.06-2ubuntu12 | kinetic/universe | amd64, ppc64el
grub2 | 2.06-2ubuntu15 | lunar | source
grub2 | 2.06-2ubuntu15 | lunar/universe | amd64, ppc64el
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS has ended it's standard (public/free) supported life (https://fridge.ubuntu.com/2021/03/13/extended-security-maintenance-for-ubuntu-16-04-xenial-xerus-begins-april-30-2021/) which is why it doesn't show on the online enquiry (it does from terminal as it's still got ESM or extended support if you have ESM enabled).
Those packages show what is installed on a new install, what you get when upgrading (the -updates link) for each release; which includes of course release-upgrades, ie. moving from 18.04 (bionic) to 20.04 (focal) will cause your packages to upgrade to the focal-updates version as per that page.
If you install Ubuntu 18.04 LTS using initial media, the version I'd expect is
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8 | bionic | source
but if you applied upgrades to the system, I'd expect the following version
grub2 | 2.02-2ubuntu8.25 | bionic-security | source
If you release-upgraded to Ubuntu 20.04, I'd expect the following version to exist on the system
grub2 | 2.04-1ubuntu26.15 | focal-updates | source
The URL I provided contains all the detail you wanted; I just opted to use the same input provided from a terminal command as I find it easier to copy/paste from. Note: I've assumed amd64 architecture; though in this case it doesn't matter (but i386 for example isn't supported in focal (20.04) thus has no listing there).