Rather than a single command, you will probably need to script somewhat to have a proper list of the displayed applications if no script to that purpose is already existing.
Applications in "Show Applications" are represented by valid .desktop launchers residing in specific directories. A script therefore should 1) scan all directories where .desktop files live, and 2) search the contents of these files to select only these that are effectively displayed.
The desktop environment searches for .desktop launchers in all applications directories under these specified in the XDG_DATA_DIRS environmental variable
You can see these directories with the command:
printenv XDG_DATA_DIRS
In addition, also the user's local applications directory, ~/.local/share/applications is searched.
Only .desktop launchers where Type=Application and with a valid executable specified on the Exec= line are potentially shown in the application menu. .desktop files may be set to be displayed in the menu or not on an individual basis.
Keys used to control display of a .desktop launcher include NoDisplay (do not show in the menu), Hidden (treat this .desktop file as if it did not exist), OnlyShowIn and NotShowIn (show it only or do not show in a specific desktop environment) (See the possible keys here).
With this information, one could create a script listing desired information about the applications available in the desktop's application menu.