After googeling for this problem I came across similar problem
The most accepted answer there was
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo systemctl start bluetooth
rfkill unblock bluetooth
In my case the second statement first did not work on 2 consecutive trials, just telling "Abgebrochen" (stopped) after I had verified that I wanted to install the upgrade. I verified that free space is not an issue, only 14,3 kB had to be upgraded: libssl-dev, libssl1.1, openssl, python3-software-properties, software-properties-common, software-properties-gtk.
When I finally had succeeded with the upgrade, the other two commands went through without producing any output. Bluetooth did not work and lsusb did not show the Bluetooth-adapter.
After one more reboot, lsusb showed the Broadcom adapter:
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0a5c:21e6 Broadcom Corp. BCM20702 Bluetooth 4.0 [ThinkPad]
The Bluetooth symbol was also present on the task bar again. I was able to transmit some pictures from a mobile phone to my computer.
My main problem is solved, but I do not understand why this fix worked.
However, in /var/log/syslog still appears is a line after the last boot process:
Nov 15 20:57:21 W530-SSD pulseaudio[1830]: module-rescue-stream is obsolete and should no longer be loaded. Please remove it from your configuration.
that proves that this message had nothing to do with the BT problem.
So I still ask for two explanations:
- Why did applying the recipe from the other website work in my case? What has gone probably wrong before? 
- What do I have to do to fix the cause of the other error message about module-rescue-stream?