Score:2

Ubuntu 20.04.3 hangs on boot after upgrade to 5.13 kernel

us flag

Following the recent upgrade to kernel 5.13.0-28-generic my system still cannot boot without 'nomodeset'. I have included the output from journalctl in hopes somebody can help me. I'm using the onboard Intel WiFi and graphics hardware. My system has the iwlwifi problem which I work around with

sudo mv /lib/firmware/iwlwifi-ty-a0-gf-a0.pnvm /lib/firmware/iwlwifi-ty-a0-gf-a0.bak

as found here:

https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=212371#c13

Below is the boot log for kernel 5.13.0-28-generic in the area where things first appear to go wrong. Note the soft lockup of CPU#14

journalctl -k -b -1

Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: api flags index 2 larger than supported by driver
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: TLV_FW_FSEQ_VERSION: FSEQ Version: 0.0.2.25
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: loaded firmware version 63.c04f3485.0 ty-a0-gf-a0-63.ucode op_mode iwlmvm
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: pstore: Using crash dump compression: deflate
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: pstore: Registered efi as persistent store backend
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: loop0: detected capacity change from 0 to 8
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: loop1: detected capacity change from 0 to 113536
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: loop2: detected capacity change from 0 to 634288
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: loop3: detected capacity change from 0 to 605624
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: cryptd: max_cpu_qlen set to 1000
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: AVX2 version of gcm_enc/dec engaged.
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: AES CTR mode by8 optimization enabled
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: checking generic (4000000000 300000) vs hw (6000000000 1000000)
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: checking generic (4000000000 300000) vs hw (4000000000 10000000)
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: fb0: switching to inteldrmfb from EFI VGA
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: Console: switching to colour dummy device 80x25
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: i915 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: deactivate vga console
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: snd_hda_intel 0000:00:1f.3: enabling device (0000 -> 0002)
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: loop4: detected capacity change from 0 to 448512
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: loop5: detected capacity change from 0 to 133552
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: i915 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: changed VGA decodes: olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=io+mem:owns=io+mem
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: i915 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Finished loading DMC firmware i915/rkl_dmc_ver2_02.bin (v2.2)
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: mei_hdcp 0000:00:16.0-b638ab7e-94e2-4ea2-a552-d1c54b627f04: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_hdcp_component_ops [i915])
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: Detected Intel(R) Wi-Fi 6 AX210 160MHz, REV=0x420
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: loop6: detected capacity change from 0 to 88616
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: thermal thermal_zone0: failed to read out thermal zone (-61)
Feb 04 10:59:49 europa kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver snd-usb-audio
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: SecBoot CPU1 Status: 0x7193, CPU2 Status: 0xb03
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: UMAC PC: 0x8047df60
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: LMAC PC: 0x0
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: WRT: Collecting data: ini trigger 13 fired (delay=0ms).
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: Loaded firmware version: 63.c04f3485.0 ty-a0-gf-a0-63.ucode
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | ADVANCED_SYSASSERT          
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | trm_hw_status0
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | trm_hw_status1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | branchlink2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | interruptlink1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | interruptlink2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | data1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | data2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | data3
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | beacon time
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | tsf low
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | tsf hi
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | time gp1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | time gp2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | uCode revision type
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | uCode version major
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | uCode version minor
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | hw version
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | board version
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | hcmd
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | isr0
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | isr1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | isr2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | isr3
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | isr4
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | last cmd Id
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | wait_event
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | l2p_control
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | l2p_duration
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | l2p_mhvalid
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | l2p_addr_match
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | lmpm_pmg_sel
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | timestamp
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | flow_handler
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: Start IWL Error Log Dump:
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: Status: 0x00000000, count: 7
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x201013F2 | ADVANCED_SYSASSERT
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | umac branchlink1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x8045CF40 | umac branchlink2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | umac interruptlink1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | umac interruptlink2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000007 | umac data1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00200808 | umac data2
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0xDEADBEEF | umac data3
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x0000003F | umac major
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0xC04F3485 | umac minor
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x000111FE | frame pointer
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0xC0887F3C | stack pointer
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | last host cmd
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000000 | isr status reg
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: IML/ROM dump:
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000B03 | IML/ROM error/state
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00007193 | IML/ROM data1
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000080 | IML/ROM WFPM_AUTH_KEY_0
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: Fseq Registers:
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x60000100 | FSEQ_ERROR_CODE
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00440003 | FSEQ_TOP_INIT_VERSION
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00080009 | FSEQ_CNVIO_INIT_VERSION
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x0000A652 | FSEQ_OTP_VERSION
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000002 | FSEQ_TOP_CONTENT_VERSION
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x4552414E | FSEQ_ALIVE_TOKEN
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00400410 | FSEQ_CNVI_ID
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00400410 | FSEQ_CNVR_ID
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00400410 | CNVI_AUX_MISC_CHIP
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00400410 | CNVR_AUX_MISC_CHIP
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00009061 | CNVR_SCU_SD_REGS_SD_REG_DIG_DCDC_VTRIM
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: 0x00000061 | CNVR_SCU_SD_REGS_SD_REG_ACTIVE_VDIG_MIRROR
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: Failed to start RT ucode: -110
Feb 04 10:59:50 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: WRT: Collecting data: ini trigger 13 fired (delay=0ms).
Feb 04 10:59:51 europa kernel: iwlwifi 0000:03:00.0: Failed to run INIT ucode: -110
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: watchdog: BUG: soft lockup - CPU#14 stuck for 27s! [systemd-udevd:590]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: Modules linked in: snd_compress ac97_bus kvm_intel(+) snd_pcm_dmaengine iwlmvm snd_hda_intel kvm snd_intel_dspcfg snd_intel_sdw_acp>
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ip6table_filter parport_pc ip6_tables ppdev iptable_filter lp bpfilter drm parport ip_tables x_tables autofs4 raid10 raid456 async>
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: CPU: 14 PID: 590 Comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 5.13.0-28-generic #31~20.04.1-Ubuntu
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: Hardware name: To Be Filled By O.E.M. To Be Filled By O.E.M./Z590 Steel Legend WiFi 6E, BIOS P1.80 07/22/2021
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RIP: 0010:skl_ddb_allocation_overlaps+0x25/0x50 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: Code: 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 55 48 89 e5 85 d2 7e 33 44 8d 42 ff 31 c0 39 c1 74 1b 0f b7 54 86 02 66 39 17 73 11 0f b7 57 02>
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RSP: 0018:ffffb4d340fbf6d8 EFLAGS: 00000297
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RAX: 0000000000000001 RBX: 0000000000000001 RCX: 0000000000000000
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RDX: 0000000000000800 RSI: ffffb4d340fbf718 RDI: ffff8f020cb76f3c
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RBP: ffffb4d340fbf6d8 R08: 0000000000000003 R09: 0000000000000002
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: R10: ffff8f020cb76000 R11: ffff8f020cb74000 R12: ffff8f020ef43800
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: R13: 0000000000000002 R14: ffff8f020927f800 R15: 0000000000000003
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: FS:  00007fde490f7880(0000) GS:ffff8f111f900000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: CR2: 00007fde4864c160 CR3: 0000000108c7e005 CR4: 0000000000770ee0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: PKRU: 55555554
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: Call Trace:
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  <TASK>
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  skl_commit_modeset_enables+0x10b/0x550 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? wait_woken+0x80/0x80
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  intel_atomic_commit_tail+0x4af/0x1180 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? intel_atomic_commit_ready+0x4d/0x54 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? __i915_sw_fence_complete+0x111/0x1c0 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  intel_atomic_commit+0x31a/0x390 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  drm_atomic_commit+0x47/0x50 [drm]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  intel_modeset_init+0x1f5/0x240 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  i915_driver_probe+0x1e8/0x3f0 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? mutex_lock+0x13/0x40
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  i915_pci_probe+0x5a/0x140 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  local_pci_probe+0x48/0x80
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  pci_device_probe+0x10f/0x1c0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  really_probe+0x1dc/0x440
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  driver_probe_device+0xf0/0x160
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  device_driver_attach+0x5d/0x70
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  __driver_attach+0xb2/0x140
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? device_driver_attach+0x70/0x70
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  bus_for_each_dev+0x7e/0xc0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  driver_attach+0x1e/0x20
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  bus_add_driver+0x152/0x1f0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  driver_register+0x74/0xd0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  __pci_register_driver+0x57/0x60
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  i915_init+0x66/0x86 [i915]
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? 0xffffffffc0c99000
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  do_one_initcall+0x46/0x1d0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? __cond_resched+0x19/0x30
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0x37c/0x440
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  do_init_module+0x62/0x260
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  load_module+0x125d/0x1440
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  __do_sys_finit_module+0xc2/0x120
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? __do_sys_finit_module+0xc2/0x120
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  __x64_sys_finit_module+0x1a/0x20
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  do_syscall_64+0x61/0xb0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? fput+0x13/0x20
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? ksys_mmap_pgoff+0x13e/0x270
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x3d/0x1c0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x27/0x50
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? __x64_sys_mmap+0x33/0x40
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? do_syscall_64+0x6e/0xb0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x27/0x50
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? __x64_sys_newfstat+0x16/0x20
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? do_syscall_64+0x6e/0xb0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  ? do_syscall_64+0x6e/0xb0
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RIP: 0033:0x7fde4967989d
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: Code: 00 c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 90 f3 0f 1e fa 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05>
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RSP: 002b:00007ffef5b897b8 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000139
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000055f4a7edfb40 RCX: 00007fde4967989d
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007fde49556ded RDI: 0000000000000016
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: RBP: 0000000000020000 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: R10: 0000000000000016 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007fde49556ded
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel: R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 000055f4a7ee7b50 R15: 000055f4a7edfb40
Feb 04 11:00:14 europa kernel:  </TASK>
Feb 04 11:00:42 europa kernel: watchdog: BUG: soft lockup - CPU#14 stuck for 53s! [systemd-udevd:590]

After the recent upgrade to Ubuntu kernel 5.13.0-27-generic my system hangs on boot at the splash screen. I can only get it to boot by adding nomodeset to the grub BOOT_IMAGE command line. I am using the onboard Intel video support of my mother board, i.e., no video display card. After boot with nomodeset my two display screens are stuck at a 1024x768 resolution with both monitors showing identical video. There are no options for changing the display under Display Settings from the desktop.

My current work-around is to revert to the 5.11.0-27-generic kernel where everything works as normal. I have two joined displays working at 1920x1080 resolution.

I would like to be able to fix this issue so I can be able to upgrade to new kernels as they are made available by Ubuntu.

Here are the specifics for my system:

Mother Board: ASRock Z590 Steel Legend WiFi 6E

lspci | grep VGA

00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Device 4c8a (rev 04)

lsmod | grep "kms\|drm"

drm_kms_helper        253952  1 i915
cec                    53248  2 drm_kms_helper,i915
fb_sys_fops            16384  1 drm_kms_helper
syscopyarea            16384  1 drm_kms_helper
sysfillrect            16384  1 drm_kms_helper
sysimgblt              16384  1 drm_kms_helper
drm                   557056  2 drm_kms_helper,i915

find /dev -group video
/dev/media0
/dev/video1
/dev/video0
/dev/fb0

cat /proc/cmdline
BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.13.0-27-generic root=UUID=6d313b91-e8fe-49a1-8efa-c76639b02be9 ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 nomodeset

cat /etc/modeprobe.d/*kms*
nothing

ls /etc/X11/xorg.conf
nothing

glxinfo | grep -i "Vendor|rendering"
not installed

grep LoadModule /var/log/Xorg.0.log
[    20.170] (II) LoadModule: "glx"
[    20.173] (II) LoadModule: "modesetting"
[    20.173] (II) LoadModule: "fbdev"
[    20.173] (II) LoadModule: "vesa"
[    20.174] (II) LoadModule: "fbdevhw"
[    20.174] (II) LoadModule: "fb"
[    20.174] (II) LoadModule: "shadow"
[    20.234] (II) LoadModule: "libinput"

I think the recent kernel upgrade is somehow not correctly configuring my video.

Please let me know if I can provide any further information.

Thanks for any help and guidance you can provide.

Mahler avatar
in flag
I had also problems with the 5.13.0-27-generic kernel. I returned previous kernel.
us flag
Good to know I'm not the only one!
us flag
I finally figured out how to fix the formatting on the command outputs :)
K.T. avatar
ht flag
The new kernel is absolutely horrible - I get TV static display after closing the lid, no HDMI signal is received from the laptop and neither restart nor shutdown work ("reached target reboot" and then nothing). I have spent the whole day troubleshooting and two reinstalls laters I figured I will perhaps revert back. Did the trick I suppose.
mangohost

Post an answer

Most people don’t grasp that asking a lot of questions unlocks learning and improves interpersonal bonding. In Alison’s studies, for example, though people could accurately recall how many questions had been asked in their conversations, they didn’t intuit the link between questions and liking. Across four studies, in which participants were engaged in conversations themselves or read transcripts of others’ conversations, people tended not to realize that question asking would influence—or had influenced—the level of amity between the conversationalists.