In your 'UEFI/BIOS' you have to disable secure boot
. Otherwise it won't install any Linux distribution or any other than Microsoft Operating System.
'Most x86 hardware comes from the factory pre-loaded with Microsoft
keys. This means the firmware on these systems will trust binaries
that are signed by Microsoft. Most modern systems will ship with SB
enabled - they will not run any unsigned code by default, but it is
possible to change the firmware configuration to either disable SB or
to enrol extra signing keys.'
and
'SB is also not meant to lock users out of controlling their own
systems. Users can enrol extra keys into the system, allowing them to
sign programs for their own systems. Many SB-enabled systems also
allow users to remove the platform-provided keys altogether, forcing
the firmware to only trust user-signed binaries.'
quotes from enter link description here.
So if you cannot disable 'secure boot' in your UEFI/BIOS, you have to enrol the extra keys. Take a look at enter link description here for example.
Or you can try putting your harddisk in another system, install it there, and put the harddisk in your own system again. Although I am not sure if that will work ( missing extra keys in UEFI ).
Will it allow you to install Ubuntu to an external drive? Or does that fail too? If that fails is surely is UEFI that stops the installation proces.
And check the health of your hardware as well.
Hoping to have pointed you in the right direction.
Edit 211113
Are you sure your USB stick is ok? If you have another one, try it with that.